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在美国，很多成年人同时承担工作和照顾家人的责任：抚养未成年子女、在经济和情感上支持成年子女，再到照顾年迈的父母或配偶。皮尤研究中心（Pew Research Center）10 月 22 日发布的报告综合多项调查和政府数据发现，女性几十年来在职场上进步明显，进入更多管理岗位，大学完成率也高于男性，但照护负担仍更多落在她们身上。报告指出，有未成年子女的母亲就业或求职的比例为 74%，父亲为 94%；年轻女性刚工作时与男性的收入差距较小，但五到十年后、往往在开始照顾孩子时差距再次拉大。即使夫妻收入相当，妻子在育儿和家务上花的时间也更多；照顾年迈父母的全职工作者中，女性更常说这损害了自己的情绪健康。报告还提到带薪假期“需要的多、拥有的少”，并认为社会对男女角色的看法可能是原因之一。文章按“现象—证据—影响”展开，阅读时可留意 compared with、while、but 如何连接对比数据，以及 may partly 如何为解释设定边界。

正文

In many American families, work and care are tied together. Most parents with children under 18 have jobs, and as the population grows older, more adults are also looking after an ageing parent. A new report from the Pew Research Center, published on October 22, follows this care across family life. It finds that much more of it still falls on women.

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在许多美国家庭中，工作和照护紧密相连。大多数有 18 岁以下子女的父母都有工作；随着人口老龄化，也有更多成年人在照顾年迈的父母。皮尤研究中心 10 月 22 日发布的一份新报告追踪了家庭生活各个阶段中的这种照护，发现其中更多的部分仍然落在女性身上。

The report brings together several Pew surveys and government data. Women have made clear progress at work over a few generations. They have moved into more management jobs, and they now finish college at higher rates than men. Even so, women are still less likely to be working or looking for work. In 2025, 74% of mothers with children under 18 were doing so, compared with 94% of fathers.

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这份报告汇集了皮尤的多项调查和政府数据。短短几代人的时间里，女性在职场上取得了明显进步。她们进入了更多管理岗位，如今完成大学学业的比例也高于男性。即便如此，女性就业或求职的可能性仍然低于男性。2025 年，有 18 岁以下子女的母亲中有 74% 在工作或求职，而父亲中这一比例为 94%。

Pay shows a similar pattern. Overall, women earn about 86 cents for every dollar earned by men. Each new group of young women has started work in a stronger position than the group before. But five to ten years later, around the time many begin caring for children, they lose ground. For example, women aged 25 to 34 in 2015 earned 90% of what men of the same age earned. By 2025, the figure had fallen to 85%.

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收入方面也呈现出类似的规律。总体而言，男性每挣 1 美元，女性大约挣 86 美分。每一批新进入职场的年轻女性，起步时相对男性的位置都比上一批更好。但五到十年后，大约在许多人开始照顾孩子的时候，她们就会失去优势。例如，2015 年 25 至 34 岁的女性收入是同龄男性的 90%；到 2025 年，这一数字已降至 85%。

The gap also appears inside the home. In marriages where the husband and wife earn about the same, wives still spend more time on childcare and housework, while husbands have more free time. In a survey this year, 67% of full-time working mothers and 50% of fathers said they could not give their full effort at home, and 56% of mothers and 38% of fathers said the same about work. Working from home did not seem to make this balance much easier.

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差距在家庭内部同样存在。在夫妻收入大致相当的婚姻中，妻子在育儿和家务上花的时间仍然更多，而丈夫拥有更多空闲时间。在今年的一项调查中，67% 的全职工作母亲和 50% 的父亲表示无法在家里全力以赴，56% 的母亲和 38% 的父亲在工作方面也有同样的感受。居家办公似乎并没有让这种平衡变得容易多少。

Care does not end when children grow up. Among parents of adults aged 18 to 34, 59% said they had helped their children with money in the past year. Among full-time workers who help an ageing parent, 40% of women said it had hurt their emotional health, compared with 22% of men.

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孩子长大后，照护并不会结束。在有 18 至 34 岁成年子女的父母中，59% 表示过去一年曾在经济上帮助过孩子。在照顾年迈父母的全职工作者中，40% 的女性表示这损害了她们的情绪健康，而男性中这一比例为 22%。

The report also points to a gap between what parents need and what they have. More than eight in ten working parents said paid family or medical leave would help them, but only half said their job offered it. The researchers say the imbalance may partly reflect public views about men and women. While 57% of Americans say society values men’s work more than their efforts at home, only 20% say the same about women.

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报告还指出，父母的需要与他们实际拥有的之间存在差距。超过八成的在职父母表示，带薪家庭假或病假会对他们有帮助，但只有一半的人说自己的工作提供这种假期。研究者表示，这种不平衡可能部分反映了公众对男性和女性的看法：57% 的美国人认为社会更看重男性在工作上的贡献而非他们在家庭中的付出，但只有 20% 的人对女性也这样认为。

新闻来源

• Pew Research Center · Women, Work and Caregiving Through the Arc of Family Life (22 Oct 2026)
• Pew Research Center · Moms more likely than dads to say work bleeds into family life (and vice versa) (22 Oct 2026)

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